[align=center]RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING IN ARID REGIONS USING
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND REMOTE
SENSING:CASE STUDY; WESTERN REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA
By Fahad S. Al-Ahmadi (B. Sc.)
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Hydrology and Water Resources Management
Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 1426 H 2005 G [/align]
[align=center]Table of contents [/align]
[align=left]
AKNOWLEDGMENT..................................... .................................. i
ABSTRACT .................................................. ...................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................. ................. iii
LIST OF FIGURES........................................... ................................. ix
LIST OF TABLES .................................................. ........................... xv
Chapter I : Introduction and Literature Review.............................. 1
1.1 Introduction: .................................................. ............................................. 1
1.2 General Classifications of Models .................................................. ............ 4
1.3 Rainfall and Runoff Characteristics in Arid Regions ................................. 7
1.4 New Techniques and Enhancement tools for Modeling ............................. 11
1.4.1 Remote Sensing (RS) and Satellite Images .................................................. .... 11
1.4.2 Geographic Information System (GIS) .................................................. ........... 17
1.4.3 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) .................................................. ........................ 23
1.4.4 Model Calibration Techniques .................................................. ........................ 27
Chapter II : Description of Study Areas .......................................... 32
2.1 Introduction .................................................. .............................................. 32
2.2 Description of The Main Basins .................................................. ............... 33
2.3 Geology of the Study Areas .................................................. ...................... 36
2.3.1 Geology of Wadi Thara .................................................. ................................... 36
2.3.2 Geology of Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. ............................ 38
2.3.3 Geology of Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. ............................... 40
2.4 Geomorphological characteristics of the study areas .................................. 40
2.4.1 Wadi Thara Geomorphology .................................................. ........................... 40
2.4.2 Wadi Al-Hamid Geomorphology .................................................. .................... 42
2.4.3 Wadi Al-Jawf Geomorphology .................................................. ....................... 42
2.5 Soil Types of Study Areas: .................................................. ...................... 44
2.5.1 Wadi Thara soil types .................................................. ...................................... 44
2.5.2 Wadi Al-Hamid soil types .................................................. ............................... 44
2.5.3 Wadi Al-Jawf soil types .................................................. .................................. 45
2.6 Land use and Land Cover of Study Areas .................................................. 49
2.7 Climatology of the study areas .................................................. .................. 51
2.7.1 Wadi Thara Climate .................................................. ........................................ 52
2.7.2 Wadi Al-Hamid Climate .................................................. .................................. 54
2.7.3 Wadi Al-Jawf Climate .................................................. ..................................... 56
Chapter III : Extraction of Digital Terrain Models of Study Areas ..................58
3.1 Introduction: .................................................. .............................................. 58
3.2 Theoretical Background about Spatial Interpolation: ................................ 60
3.3 Application of Spatial Interpolation Methods: ............................................ 62
3.4 Elevation Points Digitization in the Study Areas: ....................................... 65
3.5 Spatial Statistical Analysis of Elevation points: ......................................... 69
3.6 Application and Comparison of Interpolation Methods: ........................... 77
3.6.1 Root Mean Square Prediction Error (RMSPE) ................................................. 77
3.6.2 Visual comparison of extracted drainage network ............................................ 79
3.7 Drainage Analysis of the Generated DEM: ............................................... 81
3.8 Partitioning the Drainage System: .................................................. ............ 90
Chapter IV :Application of Remote Sensing and GIS.........................................102
4.1 Introduction: .................................................. .............................................. 102
4.2 Available satellite images: .................................................. ....................... 104
4.3 Utilization of Unsupervised Classification: ................................................ 108
4.4 Utilization of Supervised Classification: .................................................. .. 109
4.5 Evaluation of the Supervised Classification: .............................................. 119
4.5.1 Thresholding .................................................. .................................................. .. 126
4.5.2 Accuracy Assessment: .................................................. .................................... 126
4.6 Wadi Thara Lineament Extraction: .................................................. .......... 136
4.7 Post-Classification Processes: .................................................. ................... 136
4.8 Application of GIS: .................................................. ................................... 138
4.8.1 Computing Runoff Curve Numbers for the Wadis ............................................ 139
4.8.2 Computing Runoff Curve Number for the Wadis Sub-catchments ................... 151
Chapter V: Description of Selected Computer Model...................... 153
5.1 Introduction .................................................. ............................................... 153
5.2 HEC-HMS history and general description ................................................ 154
5.3 Theoretical description of selected models ................................................. 157
5.3.1 Loss models description .................................................. ...................................... 157
3.3.1.1 Initial-Constant loss model .................................................. .............................................. 158
3.3.1.2 SCS Curve Number loss model: .................................................. ..................................... 159
5.3.1.3 Green.Ampt loss model .................................................. .................................................. .. 160
5.3.2 Rainfall-runoff transformation models description ............................................... 161
5.3.2.1 SCS UH model .................................................. .................................................. ............... 164
5.3.2.2 Clark’s UH model .................................................. .................................................. .......... 166
5.3.2.3 Kinematic-Wave UH model .................................................. ............................................ 168
5.3.3 Channel flow routing models description .................................................. ........... 172
5.3.3.1 Kinematic-wave channel routing model .................................................. .......................... 174
5.3.3.2 Muskingum-Cunge Routing Model .................................................. ................................. 174
5.4 Calibration techniques in HEC-HMS .................................................. ....... 177
5.4.1 Objective Functions “Goodness of fit indices” .................................................. .. 178
5.4.1.1 Sum of absolute errors .................................................. .................................................. .... 178
5.4.1.2 Sum of squared residuals .................................................. .................................................. 179
5.4.1.3 Percent error in peak: .................................................. .................................................. ..... 179
5.4.1.4 Peak-weighted root mean square error .................................................. ............................ 180
5.4.2 Search Methods .................................................. .................................................. . 181
5.4.2.1 Univariate-gradient Search Algorithm .................................................. ............................ 181
5.4.2.2 Nelder and Mead Algorithm .................................................. ............................................ 182
Chapter VI : Data Acquiring, Preparation & Processing ............... 183
6.1 Introduction .................................................. ............................................... 183
6.2 Determination of Unit hydrograph models parameters ............................... 184
6.2.1 Time of concentration computations: .................................................. ............. 187
6.2.2 Lag Time Computations .................................................. .................................. 187
6.3 Runoff data - selection, collection, and processing .................................... 191
6.4 Rainfall data collection and processing .................................................. ..... 194
6.4.1 Lumped basin rainfall representation .................................................. .............. 195
6.4.2 Distributed basin rainfall representation: .................................................. ........ 204
Chapter VII : Rainfall-Runoff Simulation Utilizing Automatic
Calibration....................................... .................................................. . 207
7.1 Introduction .................................................. ............................................... 207
7.2 Initial Values and Soft Constraints .................................................. ........... 207
7.3 Optimization Results in HEC-HMS Automatic Calibration ....................... 209
7.4 Proposed Simulation Scenarios .................................................. ................. 211
7.4.1 Lumped Basin Scenarios .................................................. ................................. 211
7.4.2 Distributed Basin Simulation Scenarios .................................................. .......... 213
7.5 Wadi Thara Automatic Calibration .................................................. ........... 215
7.6 Wadi Al-Hamid Automatic Calibration .................................................. .... 238
7.7 Wadi Al-Jawf Automatic Calibration .................................................. ....... 248
Chapter VIII : Verification of Automatic Calibration Results........ 264
8.1 Verification Policy .................................................. .................................... 264
8.2 Initial Losses and Abstraction as Portions of Rainfall ................................ 267
8.3 Verification of Calibrated Parameters .................................................. ....... 275
Chapter IX: Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations ......... 296
9.1 Brief Discussion .................................................. ........................................ 296
9.2 General conclusion .................................................. .................................... 297
9.2.1Digital Terrain Modeling .................................................. .................................. 297
9.2.2 Remote Sensing and GIS .................................................. ................................. 299
9.2.3 Data Availability and Quality .................................................. .......................... 300
9.2.4 Rainfall-runoff modeling .................................................. ................................. 302
9.3 Recommendations .................................................. ..................................... 305
References........................................ .................................................. . 306
Appendix (A):Automatic Calibration Results (Hydrographs)........ 343
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. .... 343
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. ............................................... 354
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. 361
Appendix (B): Automatic Calibration Results (Tables) ................... 374
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. .... 375
for Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ....... 82
Figure (3-10) comparison between manual digitizing of Drainage network and
boundaries versus automatically extracted using different methods of interpolation
Figure (3-11) comparison between manual digitizing of Drainage network and
boundaries versus automatically extracted using different methods of interpolation
for Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. ................................................. 83
for Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ... 84
Figure (3-12) The generated DEM for Wadi Thara .................................................. . 85
Figure (3-13) The generated DEM for Wadi Al-Hamid ............................................ 86
Figure (3-14) The generated DEM for Wadi Al-Jawf ............................................... 87
Figure (3-15) Automatic extraction of Wadi Thara Drainage Network ................... 92
Figure (3-16) Automatic extraction of Wadi Al-Hamid Drainage Network ............. 93
Figure (3-17) Automatic extraction of Wadi Al-Jawf Drainage Network ................ 94
Figure (3-18) Wadi Thara Sub-catchments .................................................. ............. 96
Figure (3-19) Wadi Al-Hamid Sub-catchments .................................................. ...... 98
Figure (3-20) Wadi Al-Jawf Sub-catchments .................................................. .......... 100
Chapter 4:
Figure (4-1) Satellite Image Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor
for Wadi Thara using true color (Band 7,Band 4,Band 2) ........................................ 105
Figure (4-2) Satellite Image Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor
Figure (4-3) Satellite Image Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor
Figure (4-4) Application of unsupervised Classification (ISODATA)
for Wadi Al-Hamid using true color (Band 7,Band 4,Band 2) ................................. 106
for Wadi Al-Jawf using true color (Band 7,Band 4,Band 2) .................................... 107
on Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ........ 110
Figure (4-5) Application of unsupervised Classification (ISODATA)
on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. . 111
Figure (4-6) Application of unsupervised Classification (ISODATA)
Figure (4-7) Application of Maximum Likelihood supervised classification
Figure (4-8) Application of Minimum distance supervised classification
Figure (4-9) Application of Mahalanobis distance supervised classification
Figure (4-10) Application of Maximum Likelihood supervised classification
Figure (4-11) Application of Minimum distance supervised classification
Figure (4-12) Application of mahalanobis distance supervised classification
Figure (4-13) Application of Maximum Likelihood supervised classification
Figure (4-14) Application of Minimum distance supervised classification
Figure (4-15) Application of Mahalanobis distance supervised classification
Figure (4-16) Distance Files of supervised classification methods
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. .... 112
on Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ....... 116
on Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ....... 117
on Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ....... 118
on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. 120
on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. . 121
on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. 122
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ... 123
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. .... 124
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ... 125
in Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ........ 128
Figure (4-17) Distance Files of supervised classification methods
in Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. . 129
Figure (4-18) Distance Files of supervised classification methods
Figure (4-20) The final product of classified images for Wadi Thara using
Figure (4-21) The final product of classified images for Wadi Al-Hamid using
Figure (4-22) The final product of classified images for Wadi Al-Jawf using
in Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. .... 130
Figure (4-19) Extracted lineaments for Wadi Thara ................................................. 137
Maximum likelihood method (With lineaments) .................................................. .... 140
Maximum likelihood method .................................................. ................................... 141
Maximum likelihood method .................................................. .................................. 142
Figure (4-23) Hydrological soil groups for Wadi Thara ............................................ 148
Figure (4-24) Hydrological soil groups for Wadi Al-Hamid .................................... 149
Figure (4-25) Hydrological soil groups for Wadi Al-Jawf ........................................ 150
Chapter 6:
Figure (6-1) Constructed Thiessen polygons for Wadi Thara .................................. 197
Figure (6-2) Constructed Thiessen polygon for Wadi Al-Hamid ............................. 200
Figure (6-3) Constructed Thiessen polygon for Wadi Al-Jawf ................................. 203
Chapter 7
Figure (7-1) GUI window of HEC-HMS showing some of the required data for
rainfall-runoff simulation .................................................. ......................... 208
Figure (7-2) Examples of simulation incorporating kinematic wave unit hydrograph
scenarios (produced hydrographs) .................................................. .......................... 219
Figure (7-3) Example of Application of Green&Ampt Scenarios on Wadi Thara .... 227
Figure (7-4) Example of Application of Green&Ampt Scenarios on Wadi Thara .... 228
Figure (7-5) Example of Application of Green&Ampt Scenarios on
Figure (7-6) Example of Application of SCS-CN Scenarios
Figure (7-7) Example of Application of Green&Ampt Scenarios
Figure (7-8) Example of Application of SCS-CN Scenarios
Wadi Al-Hmaid .................................................. .................................................. ..... 239
on Wadi Al-Hmaid .................................................. .................................................. 240
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ... 252
on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. .... 253
Chapter 8
Figure (8-1) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Thara for
small event (5th Sep. 1985)............................................. ...........................................278
Figure (8-2) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Thara for
average event (25th Nov. 1984)............................................. ....................................279
Figure (8-3) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Thara for
large event (30th Jul. 1986) .................................................. ..................................... 280
Figure (8-4) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Thara for
Figure (8-5) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Thara for
Figure (8-6) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Thara for
Figure (8-7) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
small event (5th Sep. 1985) .................................................. ..................................... 281
average event (25th Nov. 1984) .................................................. .............................. 282
large event (30th Jul. 1986) .................................................. ..................................... 283
small event (20th May 1985) .................................................. .................................. 284
Figure (8-8) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
average event (25th Jan. 1985) .................................................. ................................ 285
Figure (8-13) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
small event ( 20th Sep. 1984) .................................................. ................................. 286
Figure (8-14) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
average event ( 5th May 1985) .................................................. ............................... 287
Figure (8-15) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
large event (1st Mar. 1987) .................................................. ..................................... 288
Figure (8-16) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
Figure (8-17) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
small event (20th Sep. 1984) .................................................. ................................... 289
average event (5th May. 1985) .................................................. ................................ 290
Figure (8-18) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Jawf for
Figure (8-9) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh1 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
Figure (8-10) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
large event (1st Mar. 1987) .................................................. ..................................... 291
large event (2nd Aug. 1987) .................................................. ................................... 292
small event (20th May 1985) .................................................. .................................. 293
Figure (8-11) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
average event (25th Jan. 1985) .................................................. ................................ 294
Figure (8-12) Observed vs. simulated hydrographs for DTh12 in Wadi Al-Hamid for
large event ( 2nd Aug. 1987) .................................................. .................................. 295
Table (3-1) Descriptive statistics of elevation points ................................................. 73
Table (3-2) Comparison between the interpolation methods using
Optimum Parameters .................................................. ................................................ 78
Table (3-3) General Characteristics of resultant DEMs ............................................ 80
Table (3-4) Automatic Extraction of Topographic parameters from DEMs ............. 91
Table (3-5) Topographic parameters of Wadi Thara sub-catchments ...................... 97
Table (3-6) Topographic parameters of Wadi Al-Hamid sub-catchments ................ 99
Table (3-7) Topographic parameters of Wadi Al-Jawf sub-catchments ................... 101
Chapter 4:
Table (4-1) Characteristics of Used Satellite images ................................................ 108
Table (4-2) Accuracy Assessment of application of Maximum likelihood
Table (4-3) Accuracy Assessment of application of Mahalanobis Distance
Table (4-4) Accuracy Assessment of application of Minimum Distance
Table (4-5) Accuracy Assessment of application of Maximum likelihood
Table (4-6) Accuracy Assessment of application of Mahalanobis Distance
Table (4-7) Accuracy Assessment of application of Minimum Distance
supervised classification on Wadi Thara .................................................. ................. 132
supervised classification on Wadi Thara .................................................. ................. 132
supervised classification on Wadi Thara .................................................. ................. 132
supervised classification on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .......... 133
supervised classification on Wadi Al-hamid .................................................. ........... 133
supervised classification on Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .......... 133
Table (4-8) Accuracy Assessment of application of Maximum likelihood
supervised classification on Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. ............. 134
Table (4-9) Accuracy Assessment of application of Mahalanobis Distance
Table (4-10) Accuracy Assessment of application of Minimum Distance
Table (4-12) Composite Runoff Curve Number of Wadis for different
Table (4-13) Composite Runoff Curve Number of Wadi Thara Sub-catchments
Table (4-14) Composite Runoff Curve Number of Wadi Al-Hamid Sub-catchments
Table (4-15) Composite Runoff Curve Number of Wadi Al-Hamid Sub-catchments
supervised classification on Wadi Jawf .................................................. ................. 134
supervised classification on Wadi Jawf .................................................. .................. 134
Table (4-11) Land-cover-Soil complex used in Runoff Curve Number ................... 145
Antecedent Moisture conditions .................................................. ............................. 147
for different Antecedent Moisture conditions .................................................. ......... 151
for different Antecedent Moisture conditions .................................................. ......... 152
for different Antecedent Moisture conditions .................................................. .......... 152
Chapter 5:
Table (5-1) Green and Ampt loss rate parameter values for bare ground ................. 162
Chapter 6:
Table (6-1) Input parameters of the selected model in HEC-HM ............................. 185
Table (6-2) Computation of unit hydrograph parameters using built-in equations
Table (6-3) Computed parameters for Clark UH model and SCS UH model for
Table (6-4) Automatically extracted input parameters of Kinematic wave model for
in WMS, (a) Lag Time, (b) Time of concentration .................................................. .. 186
each Wadis sub-catchments .................................................. .................................... 189
each Wadis sub-catchments .................................................. .................................... 190
Table (6-5) Characteristics of selected runoff events for Wadi Thara
Table (6-6) Characteristics of Selected Runoff events for Wadi Al-Hamid
Table (6-7) Characteristics of selected Runoff events for Wadi Al-Jawf
Table (6-14) Effective areas of the raingage in the selected Wadis
station (J-416) .................................................. .................................................. ........ 192
station (B-413) .................................................. .................................................. ...... 193
station (SA-422) .................................................. .................................................. .... 194
Table (6-8) Effective areas of rainfall Stations in Wadi Thara ................................. 195
Table (6-9) Hourly rainfall data in (mm) for Wadi Thara ........................................ 198
Table (6-10) Effective areas of rainfall Stations in Wadi Al-Hamid ........................ 199
Table (6-11) Hourly rainfall data in (mm) for Wadi Al-Hamid ................................ 201
Table (6-12) Effective rainfall Stations in Wadi Al-Jawf ......................................... 202
Table (6-13) Hourly rainfall data in (mm) for Wadi Al-Jawf ................................... 205
sub-catchments .................................................. .................................................. ....... 206
Chapter 7:
Table (7-1) Lumped Basin Scenarios for Automatic Calibration ............................. 212
Table (7-4) Examples of simulation incorporating Kinematic wave
Table (7-7) Examples of input calibrated parameters in SCS Curve Number
Table (7-2) Distributed Basin Scenarios for Automatic Calibration ........................ 213
Table (7-3) Examples of simulation incorporating initial constant rate scenarios ..... 217
unit hydrograph scenarios .................................................. ........................................ 218
Table (7-5) Proposal Distributed Basin Scenarios for Automatic Calibration ......... 221
Table (7-6) Examples of input calibrated parameters in Green&Ampt Scenarios .... 222
Scenarios .................................................. .................................................. ................ 223
Table (7-8) Average calibrated initial loss for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-9) Average calibrated moisture deficit for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-10) Average calibrated wetting front suction for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-11) Average calibrated hydraulic conductivity for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-12) Average calibrated initial abstraction for SCS-CN scenarios (mm)
Table (7-13) Average calibrated Curve Number for SCS-CN scenarios
Table (7-14) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated Volume in
for Wadi Thara (mm) .................................................. .............................................. 229
for Wadi Thara (dimensionless) .................................................. ............................. 230
for Wadi Thara (mm) .................................................. ............................................. 231
for Wadi Thara (mm/hr) .................................................. .......................................... 232
for Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ...... 233
for Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ....... 234
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ............. 235
Table (7-15) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated peak runoff in
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ............. 236
Table (7-16) The difference between observed and calibrated time to peak in Wadi
Thara .................................................. .................................................. ...................... 237
Table (7-17) Average calibrated initial loss for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-18) Average calibrated moisture deficit for Green and Ampt scenarios
Table (7-19) Average calibrated wetting front suction for Green and Ampt scenarios
for Wadi Al-Hamid (mm) .................................................. ....................................... 242
for Wadi Al-Hamid (dimensionless) .................................................. ....................... 243
for Wadi Al-Hamid (mm) .................................................. ....................................... 244
Table (7-20) Average calibrated hydraulic conductivity for Green and Ampt scenarios
for Wadi Al-Hamid (mm/hr) .................................................. .................................. 245
Table (7-21) Average calibrated initial abstraction for SCS-CN scenarios
Table (7-22) Average calibrated SCS-CN for SCS-CN scenarios
for Wadi Al-Hamid (mm) .................................................. ....................................... 246
for Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. 247
Table (7-23) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated Volume in
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. ...... 249
Table (7-24) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated peak flow in
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. ...... 250
Table (7-25) The difference between observed and calibrated time to peak in Wadi
Table (7-26) Average calibrated initial loss for Green & Ampt scenarios
Table (7-27) Average calibrated moisture deficit for Green & Ampt scenarios
Table (7-28) Average calibrated wetting front suction for Green & Ampt scenarios
Table (7-29) Average calibrated hydraulic conductivity for Green & Ampt scenarios
Table (7-30) Average calibrated initial abstraction for SCS-CN scenarios
Table (7-31) Average calibrated Curve Number for SCS-CN scenarios
Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. ............... 251
for Wadi Al-Jawf (mm) .................................................. .......................................... 254
for Wadi Al-Jawf (dimensionless) .................................................. ......................... 255
for Wadi Al-Jawf (mm) .................................................. .......................................... 256
for Wadi Al-Jawf (mm/hr) .................................................. ..................................... 257
for Wadi Al-Jawf (mm) .................................................. .......................................... 258
for Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. .... 259
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ......... 261
Table (7-33) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated peak flow in
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ......... 262
Table (7-34) The difference between observed and calibrated time to peak in Wadi Al-
Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ........................ 263
Chapter 8:
Table (8-1) Averages and limits of calibrated parameters ......................................... 266
Table (8-2) Computation processes of Initial loss for Green & Ampt Scenarios in
Table (8-3) Computation processes of initial abstraction for SCS-CN Scenarios in
Table (8-4) Computation processes of initial loss for Green & Ampt Scenarios in
Table (8-5) Computation processes of initial loss for SCS-CN Scenarios in
Table (8-6) Computation processes of Initial loss for Green & Ampt Scenarios in
Table (8-7) Computation processes of Initial loss for SCS-CN Scenarios in
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ............ 269
Wadi Thara .................................................. .................................................. ............ 270
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. ..... 271
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. .................................................. ..... 272
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ........ 273
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. ......... 274
Table (8-8) The representative parameters for selected Wadis .................................. 275
Table (8-9) Selected storms for verification .................................................. ............ 276
Wadi Al-Hamid .................................................. ...............................................408
Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. .................................................. 441
List of Figures
Chapter 2:
Figure (2-1) General location of study areas............................................. .................34
Figure (2-2) Geological Features of Wadi Thara .................................................. ....37
Figure (2-3) Geological Features of Wadi Al-Hamid ...............................................39
Figure (2-4) Geological Features of Wadi Al-Jawf .................................................. 41
Figure (2-5) Major tributaries in the selected Wadis .................................................4 3
Figure (2-6) Wadi Thara soil types .................................................. .........................46
Figure (2-7) Wadi Al-Hamid soil types .................................................. ..................47
Figure (2-8) Wadi Al-Jawf soil types .................................................. ......................50
Figure (2-9) Effective meteorological stations in Wadi Thara .................................53
Figure (2-10) Effective meteorological stations in Wadi Al-Hamid ........................55
Figure (2-11) Effective meteorological stations in Wadi Al-Jawf.............................57
Chapter 3:
Figure (3-1) Topographic maps processed for Wadi Thara .......................................67
Figure (3-2) Topographic maps processed for Wadi Al-Hamid and Al-Jawf ...........68
Figure (3-3) Digitized elevation points in Wadi Thara .............................................70
Figure (3-4) Digitized elevation points in Wadi Al-Hamid ......................................71
Figure (3-5) Digitized elevation points in Wadi Al-Jawf .........................................72
Figure (3-6) Normal QQPlot of Wadi Thara elevation points ...............................................74
Figure (3-7) Normal QQPlot of Wadi Al-Hamid elevation points ..........................75
Figure (3-8) Normal QQPlot of Wadi Al-Jawf elevation points ..............................76
Figure (3-9) comparison between manual digitizing of Drainage network and
boundaries versus automatically extracted using different methods of interpolation
List of Tables
Chapter 3:
Table (7-32) The percentage Difference between observed and calibrated Volume in[/align]
