بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
السلام عليكم
لدي دراسه غير منشوره قمت بها انا وزميل لي
بعنوان
[align=center]INTEGRATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA AND GIS APPLICATION DATA FOR LAND COVER - LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES DETECTION IN AL-RAZZAZA LAKE –BAHR AL-NAJAF AREA
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By[/align]
Arsalan A. Al-Jaf (Senior Geologist)
Younus I. Al-Saady (Senior Geologist[/align])
ومن خلال العمل تبين انه من الافضل اعتماد الدلائل في العمل
مثل دالة النباتات المياه الكثبان الرملية الملوحة
واليك ملخص البحث

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SUMMARY
This study use of remote sensing techniques in order to investigate possible vegetation, water, Eolian deposits and saline soil cover changes that have taken place over time, and which may have manifested through a combination of threats to the region of Bahr Al-Najaf- Razzaz lake. A spatially and temporally representative remotely sensed dataset was used together with techniques that are repeatable and able to quantify change with limited human bias. The dataset consisted of periodic (1976, 1990 and 2002) Landsat images. A land cover land use image created depending on Maximum Likelihood classifications (ML) that has eight classes, the accuracy assessment for classification is 100% and Kappa is 1, The vegetation distribution determined by Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI), Eolian mapping index (EMI) used to draw map of the areas, which are subjected to wind erosion hazard, and the water determined by using Water Index (WI) and to detect the salinity soil used Salinity Index(SI) using ERDAS 9.1 Imagin.
Statistical measurements, such as correlation coefficients were also used. Mapping of the vulnerability of surface to wind erosion using EMI shows the efficiency of multispectral data (MSS, TM and ETM+) for detecting the areas which affected with wind erosion in the study area after converting raster image to vector by using Arc GIS 9.1 program. The Boolean logic was used to detect the changs in vegetation, water, eolian deposit and saline soil. Field observations verified the role of human impacts in the temporal change in both vegetation cover and sand soil. This study illustrate that desertification is increase in study area after 1990.
Seventeen water samples were collected in the study area dur¬ing periods between 21-01-2009 to28-01-2009; Seven samples from Euphrates river, cover, the section of Euphrates River from ( Al-Handia dam to Sha´alan bridge); eight samples from the southern part of Al-Razzaza lake , one samples from Bahr Al-Najaf and one sample from artificial spring.
The results of pH values show that the water of Euphrates River have low alkalinity also for Al-Razzaza Lake and Bahr Al-Najaf but have less alkalinity for artificial spring water, the change in alkalinity values are negligible for all samples. All samples have high level of hardness and thus the waters are classified as being very hard.
Classification of water depending on TDS concentration illustrated that the Euphrates river can be classified as slightly Brackish class , Al- Razzaza water saline , artificial spring brackish and Bahar Al-Najaf. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the samples of Euphrates river lie within the acceptable range for drinking water, the water of Al-Razzaza lake is higher than acceptable limited for drinking water while the concentration of hydrogen sulfide wasn´t detected for artificial spring and Bahr Al-Najaf water.
The Hydrochemical formula and water type show that the Euphrates river variation between sodium chloride in samples to calcium sulfate in few samples, while in Al-Razzaza lake the water type varies between sodium chloride to calcium sulfate, but the artificial spring and Bahr Al-Najaf is sodium chloride
The acceptability of water for drinking use the result of Hydrochemical analysis illustrated that all water samples are higher than limited range permitting for drinking.
Water samples of Euphrates River have low SAR values also for artificial spring and Bahr Al-Najaf, while the water samples of Al-Razzaza Lake have very high value of SAR. Water samples of Euphrates river lie within the suitable limit for livestock, Al-Razzaza lake water samples are out of acceptable limits for drinking of live stock and Bahr Al-Najaf within the range of very satisfactory for all classes of livestock and poultry.[/align][/align]

ومن خلال المستخلص يمكن لك الانطلاق في البحث باستخدام المحرك كوكل